Critically evaluate evidence obtained from a range of sources Essay

Fundamentally assess proof acquired from a scope of sources showing how it can advise practice - Essay Example In Wales, the National Health Services (NHS) holds the command of giving an utilitarian system that controls the whole social and wellbeing area address the wellbeing needs of all the various gatherings. NHS likewise sets the necessary guidelines of medicinal services that the individuals of Wales ought to appreciate (National Service Frameworks, 2012:1). The association came into place so as to address the issue of irregularity that had won concerning the accessibility of and access to solid consideration. Along these lines, the association has the extraordinary command of guaranteeing that a degree of consistency exists. So as to make its objectives a triumph, the body sets up appraisal proportions of deciding the rate at which the divisions and associations included meet their objectives. Additionally, NHS has different projects that cultivate execution of its objectives. After characterizing the ideal wellbeing norms, it turns out to be simple for the body to perceive and address the issues that emerge (Pierson, 2011:243). In any case, notwithstanding its endeavors, the association comes up short on the limit of taking care of all the medical problems of the individuals of Wales (Pierson, and Thomas, 2010:185). The legislature of Welsh government has screens and manages the consideration conveyance frameworks to its kin (Welsh Government, ‘Bill’, 2012:20). It does this by structuring strategies, setting of norms, and investigation of administration conveyance projects and arrangement of subsidizing to the neighborhood specialists. A free advisory group investigates the conveyance of social administrations in Wales and presents gives an account of the zones that need improvement (Independent Commission, 2010:8). As per ongoing measurements, 33% of individuals in Wales live with a lasting condition decreasing the personal satisfaction that they lead. Also, a fifth of the whole populace had inability issues in 2010 and the pervasiveness continues expanding. Different investigates demonstrated that the odds of inability expanded with age. This means the way that the

Factors Affecting Witness Accounts

Components Affecting Witness Accounts Witnesses Accounts and the Reality The data given by a witness may differ altogether with the real data or what occurred on the ground. The most fundamental inquiry that questioners, climate in the equity framework or in explore consistently think about is the way to know whether the witness is giving reality (Dean Whyte 1958). It is hard to decide if this data is the real unadulterated fact of the matter. Be that as it may, most questioners utilize epistemological ways to deal with recognize the degree of truth in the interviewees data. Navarro (2012) affirms that the inquires about that have been led over an extensive stretch have not thought of a solitary decisive methodology of truth identification. Witness records may likewise do not have a degree of truth or may fluctuate from the truth that unfolded at the location of the occasion. This distinction can be inspired by a few factors that run from the impacts of nature to mental components. This exposition looks at the fundamental reasons that can prompt a contortion of the observer accounts from the truth. In particular, the paper takes a gander at the diversion of reality because of observation and the impact of long haul memory on the records given by the observer. Laub (1992) inspects the impact old enough and long haul memory on the capacity to remake the happenings of the Holocaust. At the hour of the happenings, the creator was a little kid that had little information on the happenings on the planet. It must be recollected that the occasions kept going some time and at the hour of the seeing, the writer was at that point a grown-up. The creator seems to have had a gifted improvement at the underlying phase of life, making him to have the option to make out the occasions. Through learning the fundamentals of this occasion and the effect old enough, the creator can plainly comprehend the occurrence as they ought to have been. The main distinction is that the capacity to overstate or contort the data hushes up high. In the drawn out memory, the creator can't single out the particular subtleties of each even and needs to fill in the missing data from normal information. The diversion of the records given, for this situation, depends on the learning experience regarding the matter that the observer has had over a period. In (Dean Whyte 1958), this drawn out impact of learning on the memory of an observer is depicted as intellectual definition. The basic information here is that what the observer will have learnt after some time will cause a distinction on the records are given and the genuine truth. In Callender (2011), the worldly parts of reasoning are examined concerning the presence of oneself. In this examination, the creator opines that there is a chance of progress in people over a period whether physical or in mental quality through learning. The conversation about eternalists is likewise checked on by this examination. It exhibits the way that eternalists impression of various occasions as practically equivalent to the distinction in areas. The contention introduced by the eternalist here is that various occasions that happen or exits at var ious occasions give the particular occasions various pictures. It is, along these lines, conceivable to have an alternate impression of time and the occasions that happened at those occasions. This spatial distinction and realizing is the thing that underpins the idea that it is conceivable to have an alternate of record from the genuine occurring. A common feeling in time likewise affects the objectivity of the judgment of an operator or individual (Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, Hofmann 2006). At the hour of conveying a record of happenings, the passionate segment of the observer are probably going to affect on the declaration since this was absent at the hour of the event of an occasion. The contention here can take two features: first it is hard to give a genuine reproduction of the occasions that unfolded regarding feeling. Furthermore, the effect of the common feelings of another individual could contort the substance of the record. Therefore, feelings assume a twofold job in the conveyance of the records of witnesses the two of which are abstract on the drawn out memory. On uncommon cases, the judgment of an individual to give a target account in spite of the abstract impact of the feelings has likewise occurred. For this situation, feelings are not thought of however the right and legitimate result just like the standar d is the core value. Aside from the passionate setting created in the drawn out memory of an individual through learning, it is conceivable that the impact of emotional recognition could produce a degree of distinction. In abstract discernment, the primary thought is that everybody builds up an importance of the world as they so experience it. Thus, the distinction in the encounters that have been accumulated in the drawn out memory of people could be the reason for contrast fair and square of discernment. In brain science, abstract observation and the resultant effect on the aftereffect of studies is the principle purpose behind questioning the degree of exactness of an examination. This idea of abstract discernment chiefly concerns the inquires about that are directed using perception and non-logical strategy. The purpose behind the predisposition in the perception and non-logical techniques is that every individual perception would be not quite the same as the truth. What's more, this likewise educate s the distinction in accounts regarding onlookers. Discernment is firmly identified with the part of objectivity in people. Coon (2006) shows this objectivity job of recognition as the capacity of one to simply perceive and accept what they see. At the point when one sees something, the brain enlists the picture created and can perceive the picture. Other tangible boosts data is additionally seen by the mind. The tactile info is first gotten by the proper sensor at that point taken through the acknowledgment procedure which uses the information that is now possessed by the person. The mind looks at the contribution by the information or data that the individual has learnt after some time and chooses the nearest data that a similar individual has of a similar information. The system of observation is can likewise be utilized to clarify the thought behind a dream. It is regular information that fantasies are things that can be seen wrongly. The most straightforward clarification that can be given in dreams is that the faculties impart an off-base sign to the cerebrum for translation restoring an off-base end. The aftereffect of figments can likewise say something regarding the significant contrasts of witness account when contrasted with the truth. This is for the most part ascribed to an inappropriate understanding or the capacity of an occasion to have more than one translation The examination component in recognition is the fundamental explanation there could a distinction in the view of various people. It has been realized that there are objects which can be seen in more than one way. Aside from the various view of a comparative article, there is a likelihood that various people may have various recognitions. A typical case of the distinction in recognition is the way that various people may see a comparable shading in two unique manners. This condition is generally alluded to as partial blindness (Brewer, Heitzeg, 2008). Partial blindness is a typical explanation behind the distinction of the observer accounts in situations where the observer is required to stick point the real shade of an item. The outcome is that while the shading could be known or seen separately by many, an observer could give an alternate record of the equivalent. In perceptual learning, people will in general build up a propensity or a particular example of learning. These examples of learning whenever changed could result to the contortion of the data that is gotten by the person. As indicated by Coon (2006), these examples are conferred by the predominant standards in a general public. It additionally gives a case of an upset image of a human head. Most people walk upstanding and as such a human psyche is acclimated with learning facial contrasts at an upstanding stance. Huge contrasts can be noted if a similar image of a human head were taken a gander at from the two points of view. The discernment component as portrayed in human brain science has two sections that include the identification and the pursuit instruments. As per Shiffrin Schneider (1977), this procedure can either be programmed or constrained by a person. When the consideration of an individual has been drawn towards certain improvements input, the control of the procedure is moved to the mental aptitude. In a controlled recognition, the investigation discovered that the system is serialized. It additionally requires an elevated level of contribution by the client which could constrain the measure of data one holds in the entire procedure. In a consequently controlled procedure, the contribution of the client is restricted and as such a great part of the preparing intensity of the mind is centered around producing the finish of the recognition work out. These two unique types of discernment could be the premise of the contrast between an observer account and the truth. As notes, on the off chance that the procedure was naturally activated, at that point the observer could wind up with much data as it can which could be reality in any case. Nonetheless, if the procedure is constrained by the individual, it is conceivable that there could be a lot of data (Shiffrin Schneider 1977) that is forgotten about simultaneously. The examination further clarifies that it is hard to disregard, change or erase from the drawn out memory of an individual if the recognition was naturally incited. Aside from memory and observation factor, Undue egocentrism is additionally a factor in diverting the assessment of the observer that can cause a distinction between the record given by an observer and reality. This contention recommends that the effect of subjectivity on the psyches of people is the fundamental driver of the contortion of the record. A case of this would be a record given of a vehicle mishap. An observer can express that the driver of the vehicl

As the number zero was the start of mathematics and the vacuum the foundation of physics. Essay Example

As the number zero was the beginning of science and the vacuum the establishment of material science. Paper Example As the number zero was the beginning of science and the vacuum the establishment of material science. Article As the number zero was the beginning of science and the vacuum the establishment of material science. Article Article Topic: A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings Clever Light in August As the number zero was the beginning of science and the vacuum the establishment of material science, so quietness turned into the standard proportion of human progress. However, each of the three of these logical guidelines spring from human creative mind and are just pertinent by general understanding, yet stay on a fundamental level fictional.Few organizations have caused such a division of conclusion as John Cages 4.33 from 1952, one of his own top choices. A sharp looking musician entered the stage, plunked down behind the terrific piano, opened it, turned a page of the score before him from time to time and after around four and a half minutes he got up, made a bow and left the stage. Confine got the thought for this creation after a visit to a soundproof room and just needed to appear there is nothing of the sort as outright quietness. This shows itself on an account of the piece that despite everything exists. In it, a universe of little modest sounds opens up. Seats squeak, awkward hacking, the murmuring of the cooling, some distant hints of traffic, the stirring of the pages of a program. Over each of the one can hear, much the same as the first crowd in 1952, the hurrying of ones own blood in ones ears, ones heartbeat, gulping and thundering stomach. Through this, the crowd turns into the performing craftsman of 4.33, and in light of the fact that one goes to a show to tune in, the uproarious quietness had never been heard just as just there. Does quiet exist by any stretch of the imagination, one ponders, or is it like a gap in the ground, just watched as a result of the earth that encompasses it? After all quiet is a subjective name for the nonattendance of sound.Each bit of composing can be viewed as a piece too; a structure in words and these are generally quiet. This void is filled when the peruser begins collaborating with the creators words and his creative mind qualities various voices and sounds to the basic quiet content. This is the expect ation of perusing and just common since Mother Nature detests vacancy awfulness vacui and fills it immediately. In music, as appeared with the assistance of John Cage, one may well legitimize the utilization of particularly conflicting words, similar to the oxymoronic title of this paper. Some state that Faulkner likes to drive perusers to ingest numerous opposing sentiments at the same time. His utilization of paradoxical expressions assists with making a sentiment of uncertain conflict.The creator, similar to a movie producer, has another stunt at his disposal. They are both ready to kill the sound freely. It isn't extremely difficult to picture this (discussing sound) and the impact it has can have an astounding effect. The viewing of a blood and gore film without sound regularly brings about a group of people reacting from the outset precariously and at long last with chuckling, missing the coming full circle impact of music with picture in elevating the pressure. Presently the creator just figures out how to make a quiet mode by either precluding all references legitimately identifying with sound and by accentuating the enhanced visualization, or by the nonappearance of discourse when there is by all accounts each requirement for rational discourse however discourse bombs as a methods for correspondence. As Addie Bundren saw in As I Lay Dying, (172) a word is only a shape to fill a need. Faulkner, wittingly or instinctively, frequently utilizes a need to make another shape, one which is quietly ready to turn around the normal circumstance and give it an entirely unexpected charge.The old clich㠯⠿â ½ that occasionally quietness expresses stronger than words despite everything remains constant. Quiet has continuously become the social differentiation among human progress and savageness since the presentation of book printing. Information and astuteness were accumulated from books rather than by speaking. One ought not ever upset a peruser. The signs i n the library request quiet. As in a quiet film, Faulkner figures out how to mesh into his work scenes that appear to be deprived of sound, where nature and human life go into a quiet mode, and the main choice left is to watch it unfurl before your eyes. In these scenes especially, he prevails with regards to blending the deplorable and comic tones so that examination of the view is the outcome. Regardless of whether one ought to group Faulkners function as being a larger number of tragi-parody than comi-disaster is a troublesome and easily proven wrong issue. The agreement appears to lean towards it being dominatingly sad with differing degrees of lighthearted element. The result of that conversation, in any case, is less intriguing to me than to attempt to exhibit the amazing impact that blending these two tones has. I will give extraordinary consideration Faulkners depictions of movement and sound, in which we appear to be given a slide show of sequential despite everything pictu res, all the more explicitly in scenes from Pantaloon in Black, a story in Go Down, Moses, and from Light In August.Pantaloon in BlackFrom Go Down, MosesWhere lighthearted comedy says: these hostilities can be risen above, and sensible parody says: these animosities will be rebuffed, sad satire says these animosities can nor be risen above nor handled, they are human instinct and they are life (342). Eric Bentley brings up, in these couple of words, the force, the reason, and the impact of blending tones in writing. Satire alone, he contends, makes a stunning world. Catastrophe, he proceeds, avoids the vast majority of mens encounters in view of its accentuation on Beauty, Heroism, Nobility and Higher Truth(338). Any writer expounding on the complexities of present day man ought to think about this, as William Faulkner does in Pantaloon in Black. In this story, the peruser is given the enormous catastrophe of Rider, the hero, and along these lines, most perusers miss the storys comi c moments.A plot synopsis in all likelihood will just underline the unfortunate components. Rider grieves the demise of his significant other Mannie. He covers her, without any assistance, in a practically savage way. All things considered, she has made him change, to improve as a man. In the wake of declining to return home with his auntie and uncle, his proxy guardians, he gets back just to see her phantom and afterward to the sawmill where he works like a psycho, tossing a gigantic sign in a challenging presentation of physical aptitude one demonstrating his longing to kick the bucket for without her he doesnt need to live any longer. After that he urgently attempts to drink himself to death with moonshine he battled about and got from a racketeer. A hurry to a shakers game follows, after another encounter with his auntie, where he goes head to head with Birdsong, an abnormal white man, whom he executes with a razor. Caught by the law, Riders story, as observed through his eyes, closes. The agent sheriff, a nearsighted preferential man, recounts to the remainder of Riders story to his very exhausted spouse. In spite of the fact that he didn't endeavor to get away, Rider destroys his cell, just to be beaten by individuals from a dark group of convicts for nothing for the following day, the delegate lets us know, people obscure take him from the prison and lynch him.However, it scarcely catches the embodiment of the story, for the comic feelings have a significant effect. The principal insight the peruser gets is in the title. Pantaloon (or pantalone) is a stock character in the Italian commedia del arte1 and here compares with dark, the shade of death, disaster and the denied race in Go Down, Moses. It is Faulkners first notification of craziness. Rider speaks to this ridiculousness, and confronted with it at long last, everything he can do is giggle. Life has conned him of the lady who had a significant effect; such a circumstance appears to be an unfeeling joke. In the initial scene he hurls earth on to her final resting place, utilizing an actualize which looked like the toy scoop a youngster plays with at the shore, its half cubic foot of flung soil close to the light gout of sand the childs scoop would have flung (131). In the event that one thinks about the squandered vitality of the frantic swings with the little soil, one really want to snicker at this quiet scene.When one sees that the grave lies in a desolate trash load, brimming with shards of stoneware and broken jugs and different articles inconsequential to locate (132), one can't neglect to welcome the incongruity; a lady, who implied such a great amount to her significant other, sadly covered in a rubbish store. At the point when Rider shows up at the sawmill, he needs food. One can't keep in touch with home about his social graces yet funny emulate again underlies the disaster. At the point when he eats, he is packing the food into his mouth with his hands, wolfing it pease once more, additionally gelid and cool, a piece of yesterdays Sunday singed chicken, a couple of harsh lumps of this mornings seared sidemeat, a scone the size of a childs top unpredictable, dull (139). This delicate melancholy stricken mammoth eats what resembles trash, similar to a creature. After his presentation of severe quality his aunties spouse was sitting tight for him with a peach pie which he quickly begins, holding the pie with two hands, wolfing at He was squinting quickly as he bit, the whites of his eyes secured somewhat more by the crawling red. (140)Again, to the easygoing eyewitness he, humorously, eats like a ravenous wolf. By the by, the image Faulkner paints deplorably shows a man whose eyes sell out, through the flickering and the red that is sneaking in, his genuine distress and profundity of feeling. The evident preposterousness of the shakers game, regardless of its fierce result, is featured by the way that all through this whole scene Rider is grinni ng like a bonehead (147-149). The dark men taking an interest in the game are losing their cash like dolts. Despite the fact that the story doesn't portray their activities, and they never talk, we know about their activities. They are available through the filthy and palm-worn cash (148) before Birdsong, the duping white man with the comic name, who is in the long run exposed and murdered by a blockhead. Rider, the conventional character of pantaloon who has caused a ruckus all through the story

Tracing the Origin of Morality/Morality - Literature Essay Samples

Friedrich Nietzsches The Genealogy of Morals and Sigmund Freuds Civilization and its Discontents, have similar goals. Both men want to expose what they see as the impediments of society on the freedom of the individual. Both attack and condemn organized religion as a disguise for the helplessness that individuals feel in the face of society, and as an historically destructive force that has divorced men from their knowledge of their true selves and renders them impotent in their present lives. Both essays, at their core, struggle with the concept of morality, how it came to exist in society and how it came to govern our present. While the present is the subject of both essays, Nietzsche and Freud necessarily delve into the past of both society and the individual to explain their disparate definitions of morality and what these interpretations mean for their contemporaries. While Nietzsche sees morality as a concept developed by society, Freud instead sees morality as a natural proces s existing in the individual before he joins society, and in human relations before civilization. Nietzsche sees the past as an explanation for the continuing development of morality, whereas Freud sees the past as a direct continuum from the original existence of morality. Nietzsche does not believe that the origin of any past can be discovered from the present, or indeed that the origin itself exists in its pure form. In fact, his goal in The Genealogy of Morals is to counter the belief that moral values such as good and evil existed before men constructed them. He declares:everything that exists, no matter what its origin, is periodically interpreted by those in power in terns of fresh intentionsŠall processes in the organic world are processes ofŠreinterpretationŠin the course of which the earlier meaning and purpose are necessarily either obscured or lost. No matter how well we understand [any aspect of the self or society] we do not thereby understand anything of its origin (Nietzsche, 209).The present, either individual or societal, is then simply a reinterpretation of the past that is the reinterpretation of another past. Whether discussing personal memory or communal or national history, the past that we see is nothing more than a present day interpretation, and no matter how far back we look all we see are past interpretations.Freud, on the other hand, believes that the origin of any present state, not only exists permanently within each of us but that it remains in its pure form within our minds. Using the example of the ancient city of Rome in, Civilization and its Discontents, Freud asserts that if the history of ancient Rome worked like the human memory, one would be able to see not simply the ruins of restorations, but the original buildings intact as they were in their original incarnation (Freud, 18). While he digresses somewhat when talking specifically about human memory, Freud comments that it is rather the rule than the exception for the past to be preserved in mental life, not simply as a reinterpretation, but in its original form (Freud, 20).Thus while both men agree that the morality we find in ourselves is a reaction to our natural instinct to be aggressive, to dominate both nature and other men, Nietzsche sees this morality entirely as a societal construct whereas Freud believes it can be traced to a distinct origin both within an individual and historically. Nietzsche believes that what we think of today as morality, is in fact a constant struggle by weak men to inhibit the aggressiveness and power of stronger men. He asserts that morality took shape in society when slaves, or those not in the top of the social hierarchy, realized that in order to valorize their own weakness they had to denote the strong as bad. He notes that in earlier societies the wellborn were happy in their lives, while the common elements of society were not: the ÂÅ'wellborn did not have to construct their happiness factitiously by looking at their enemies (Nietzsche, 172). These noblemen were comfortable in their own lives and did not need any external principles to facilitate this happiness.Further, the cruelty they exhibited to those lower than themselves was part and parcel of being stronger. Nietzsche uses the example of birds and lambs to illustrate the natural state of this societal relationship that existed without moral construct. He posits that just because lambs do not enjoy being destroyed by birds of prey, does not make these bird bad: to expect that strength will not manifest itself as strengthŠis every bit as absurd as to expect that weakness will manifest itself as strength (Nietzsche, 178). However, unlike lambs and birds, humans have the ability to use their intellect to divorce this natural state from itself, to reinterpret strength as evil and weakness as good: they assume the right of calling the bird of prey to account for being a bird of prey. We can hear the oppressed, downtrodde n, violated whispering among themselves with the wily vengeance of the impotent, ÂÅ'Let us be unlike those evil ones. Let us be good (Nietzsche, 179). Thus, to Nietzsche, the morality which rules society and is imbued in every individual is nothing more than a reinterpretation of social relationships by the weak so that they might conquer the strong. The trappings of morality: altruism, guilt at wrongdoing, and punishment to inflict guilt are simply tools developed by the weak of an early age to gain power over the strong that have managed to disguise themselves since as the only way for a society to exist. However, society existed before these moral constructs were formed.Freud completely disagrees with the notion that morality is a social construct without innate origin. He believes that the development of civilization is modeled on the development of an individual which can in turn be traced back to a morality which existed before society codified it. Like Nietzsche, Freud belie ves that our natural instinct is to be aggressive. However, unlike Nietzsche, he also sees in the development of an individual the conflicting interests of aggressiveness and the need for love. Freud believes that the fear of a loss of love from the father instinctually curbs a babys aggressiveness: his aggressiveness is introjected, internalized (Freud, 84). A baby learns that anything that will stop his father from protecting him is bad: at the beginning, therefore, what is bad is whatever causes one to be threatened with a loss of love (Freud, 85). Thus, the moral oppositions of good and bad are in fact established in the individual in infancy, they are innate responses to the need for love and the instinct to aggression. Furthermore, once internalized, the mind or ego develops an internal authority or super ego which instructs the ego as to what acts are good and what acts are bad.Freud, unlike Nietzsche, believes that concepts of morality both exist within each of us as a natur al reaction to our instinct of aggression, and also existed historically before society developed. He believes that the moral notions of personal guilt or remorse come from the primordial ambivalence of feeling toward the father. At some distinct time before society formed, primal sons in fact allowed their aggressive hatred for their father to override their love, they in fact killed him: after their hatred had been satisfied by their act of aggression, their love came to the fore in their remorse for the deed (Freud, 95). Thus, the guilt or remorse that individuals feel regardless of whether they have actually committed a bad act or simply consider doing it, is the internalized guilt that resulted from this original following of the aggressive instinct.Freud sees throughout the past the reification of this original act and the guilt that came with it. The morality imposed by society in the form of punishment is simply a mimesis of the self-punishment inflicted by the super ego whe n the ego desires to be aggressive. The effect that this original act of aggressiveness had on individuals who existed pre-civilization has the exact same effect on those living within society and thus we naturally incorporate these notions of morality into society. Nietzsche, however, believes that the natural instinct of man is to be cruel, to be aggressive, and that personal remorse, or societal punishment are simply the instruments of the weak to divorce the strong from their natural inclinations. The connection between aggression and punishment are societal constructs, not natural states. In fact, this connection can be directly traced to the relationship of creditor/debtor in the same way that the notions of good and evil can be traced to the relationship of strong and weak. He believes that before morality was constructed, it was the distinct pleasure of the creditor to extract pain as repayment of debt. Given our natural tendency to aggression: to make someone suffer was an extreme pleasure (Nietzsche, 197). Thus, there was a direct economic relationship between material gain and suffering. The same relationship between punishment and pleasure then could be applied to an offense against the community, or a crime. Nietzsche asserts that before justice existed as a system of laws it existed as a direct reaction to the amount of suffering caused. In other words, if someone were to steal money from another, that person would have the right not only to get his money back, but to gain in pleasure from punishing the guilty. But since morality was created by the weak, and the debtor is necessarily weaker than the creditor, the laws which govern post-morally constructed society ignored this natural relationship of pleasure in pain and protected the debtor or criminal from his creditors or accusers: justice, which began by setting a price on everything and making everyone strictly accountable, ends by blinking at the defaulter and letting him go scot free (Nietz sche, 205). The moral concepts of guilt and punishment were constructed by the same societal relations which constructed the moral concepts of good and bad.While it seems that Nietzsche has a far more pessimistic interpretation of individuals than Freud, his theory in fact develops into a far more positive view of the ability of a person to wrench himself from historical misunderstandings. Since morality itself is a construct of society aimed at divorcing man from his relationship to his own nature, we have the ability to break free from both historical and societal chains and reestablish the freedom we as individuals had before society constructed morality. In The Genealogy of Morals this possibility manifests itself as an incredibly classist (and racist) appeal to the strong or noble to reclaim their instincts, it can also be seen on a larger scale as the belief that we have agency in the present that no amount of history can erase.On the other hand, Freuds belief that morality ex isted before society and exists in each individual before they connect to society imprisons us in a never-ending cycle of inactivity. If we cannot revise our image of the past or conceive that past individuals had any agency in the way they acted, then we cannot possibly hope to revolutionize our own lives. While Freud claims that happiness is what we all seek, he does not seem to be able to find a search for happiness that discovers its treasure. If we can never make up for the original sin of our primordial fathers then we can never be free of guilt or pain. And if the past is simply a direct line from the origin of morality to the present, we cannot possibly use history to better the present or strive for the future.

Why Should We Consider Morally Right Or Wrong - 1167 Words

There have been many debates on what to consider morally right or wrong. These deliberations, however, are largely influenced by our own understanding developed through our cultural backgrounds, the way in which we were raised, as well as the experiences we have gathered over time. Different people have different moral views, but those do not decide what should be right or wrong. Nonetheless, there are actions that can be determined objectively and universally as morally right or wrong, provided that Divine or Natural Law acts as reason to direct these inclination. Natural Law is a system of just principles aligned with that of our nature and God. One such principle is, â€Å"Good is to be done and pursued, and evil is to be avoided,† (Crito, 49d). Even though this principle is divine and universal - because men inclination should be directed by reason- they are not justly hold in common by all humans. One reason for this is that not all humans believe in Natural or Divine Law. They do not believe that there is a code of ethics established that exceeds that of Human Law. Even though, the content of Human Law emphasizes this principle. For example, if one commits murder, they will be prosecuted. Moreover, there are some people who do recognize the existence of a Divine Law, but are unaware of whether it applies to them, or they are blinded by societal mores. This is why in Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter,† he points out the importance of the thermometer and the thermostat. ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Moral Philosophy Of Th e Mercedes Benz Executive Christoph Von Hugo Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pagesoptions. In this paper, I will describe Jeremy Bentham’s moral philosophy of utilitarianism and why he would be in support of this statement; I will also briefly explain Emanuel Kant’s moral theory and why he would be in support of this statement as well. First I will start by explaining Bentham’s version of utilitarianism. This view of morality is based on the principle of utility, the idea that an act is right when it maximizes happiness and minimizes suffering. According to Bentham, â€Å"Nature has placedRead MorePractical Ethics, By Peter Singer, The Modern Bioethical Philosopher1469 Words   |  6 PagesAny Topic (writer s Choice) Practical Ethics Introduction Practical Ethics is a book by Peter Singer, the modern bioethical philosopher. It analyzes how and the reasons as to why beings’ interests should be weighted. According to Singer, a being’s interest should be weighted on the basis of the properties of the being and never on the basis of its affiliation to some abstract group (Peter n.p). The book studies a wide array of ethical issues including abortion, sex, race, ability, infanticide, politicalRead MoreEssay on Contrasting Kand and Hume on Morality1510 Words   |  7 Pagesreasoned, therefore the moral worth of an action is determined by its motives and not by its consequences. 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There is no clear-cut answer as to whether or not abortion should be allowed and becauseRead MoreAn Intrinsic Value Of Mine1364 Words   |  6 Pagesthat you consider intrinsically valuable. Name three things that are instrumentally valuable. In my life I consider happiness and kindness intrinsically valuable. For something to be intrinsically valuable it is said that, that something must be â€Å"valuable because they are what they are, without being a means to something else† (Vaughn 6). I find kindness to be an intrinsic value of mine because I believe that being kind to others is something that you should always do and a value that should be universallyRead MoreThree Kinds of Relativism1309 Words   |  5 Pagespart of the course, we studied different forms of relativism and how they can be applied to morality. Relativism is in contrast to the universal laws that we studied when we were studying Kant’s Groundwork earlier in the semester. Instead, relativism makes the claim that there are no universal laws that can be applied to morality because every point of view is equally valid and therefore nothing can be said to be morally right or wrong. What we perceive to be right or wrong is based on our ownR ead MoreEthical Relativism And The Norms Of One s Culture807 Words   |  4 PagesEthical relativism is the theory that holds morality relative to the norms of one s culture. Meaning, whether an action is right or wrong will depend on the moral norms of that society in which you reside. Though some actions may be viewed right in one society, it does not mean it will be morally right in another. I take the view of an ethical relativist, where there is no universal moral standards. I believe this because morality is constantly changing. Society’s beliefs, values and ideas areRead MoreThe Is Not An Action Is Ethically Right Or Wrong?1124 Words   |  5 Pagessimilarities. Given these scenarios, do we as human beings truly have the privilege to pass our judgements on other cultures? Judgements in regards to what is ethically right and wrong or what is different, culturally. Not being permitted to judge the practices of another culture and only being permitted to allow other c ultures to progress and practice as they please is the common belief known as cultural relativism. Should whether or not an action is ethically right or wrong be only determined by that cultureRead MoreLoyalty Within A Group Of People839 Words   |  4 Pagessteps of a group of people let alone a person who is morally wrong and keep your loyalty to them although others are ignoring their immoral misconduct? Well point in case with an excessive compliance to their leader Hitler, whom convinced Germans they were part of a new group of people, which led to the massacre of millions of innocent and Jewish people. As a consequence of their loyalty To their job and tasks at hand no matter how morally wrong they knew they were, clearly keeping their loyalty wasRead MoreThesis: If The Law Does Not Breach Person A’S Moral Code,1388 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing (weighing the potential consequences), it is morally wrong for person A to knowingly violate the laws of country C. If [Conditi ons] are not met, then it is morally permissible. Part One: I’d like to examine my thesis in parts. First, If a law were to breach person A’s moral code, the law itself would go against what person A reasonably believes to be the right thing to do. For the purpose of my thesis, I want to consider that person A is a morally sound individual and at least in part, most of

The Representation of Miss Emily as an Extended Metaphor...

The Representation of Miss Emily as an Extended Metaphor in Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily The short story, A Rose for Emily, took place in the southern town of Jefferson sometime in the beginning of the twentieth century. One could say that Miss Emily lived and died under certain circumstances that could compare to how the Confederacy lived and died as a result of the Civil War. Miss Emily could represent an extended metaphor for the Old South and its traditions and customs. Faulkner wrote her character and her appearance, the town, her relationship with the world, and even her home, to reflect the social background of the Old South, as defined as the time period between the Colonial Era and Reconstruction. Emily is a person that with†¦show more content†¦An example that furthers this conclusion is the concept of Emily having to pay taxes, and her refusal to do so; the North imposed taxes that the South did not wish to have to pay just like Miss Emily and the town of Jefferson. Emilys appearance somewhat fell from over the years. She used to be a beautiful woman in her prime, but when the deputy went to her house to ask her about paying taxes, she looked much different than before she closed herself up into her house. In that aspect, Emily could be a metaphor for the appearance of the South during its decline. During war, the North started total warfare; the total destruction of the South. In events such as Sherman’s March to the sea, the Union Soldiers destroyed a lot of the South. Emily appears to be a ruin of what she once was, just as the South looked beautiful before war and messy during the Reconstruction period. The same unkemptness and change from magnificent to unsightly could be said about her house as well. Miss Emily stays in the confines of her own home for a number of years after her fathers death. The only contact she has is with her servant who takes care of her by getting groceries and helping her around the house. Her isolation from the world is due to the fact that she cannot accept the fact that her father is dead, for he was all she had in the first place. This reflectsShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesIts common to express an issue by using the word whether to indicate the uncertainty involved. You don’t want to express the issue by taking just one side of the issue. When two people are in an argument, they are divided on the issue. The metaphor is that they are on opposite sides of the fence. 29 A second, common way of expressing an issue is to present it as a question: Will eating strawberry yogurt cause cancer? The question also brings out the uncertainty and doesnt take a

Reorganization Essay Example For Students

Reorganization Essay ReorganizationA Company which have 100 people, has just gone into liquidation, being unable tomanufacture furniture of sufficient quality and provide enough to satisfy thedemand for it. In order to solve the problem, we have already thought up a plan. The bank manager have already accepts the financial and marketing aspects of theplan, but he is unsure of my management ability and how I would improve theorganisation and management of the collectively brought about the companysdownfall. So I am now have to reassure him and persuade him that I know not onlyhow to manage people, but also how to set up and organise appropriate businessprocesses. For the business problem that we are working with. It is require a range ofskilful and craft workers, So that the aim of the plan is to provide a goodquality and sufficient amount of products. Satisfy the demand for it. Show thatplan to the bank manager, give him a confidence. So that we can borrow thisbudget form him then we can put the company on track again. These are all internal problems within the company; management of workers,suppliers, costs and budget. THE OBJECTIVE. FIRST the workers. Due to the fact that it must have the following problem insuppliers area. The quality of the raw material must have not reach the standardthat is aimed. For examples: the may ordered some cheap materials or expensiveraw materials where they can have poor quality of work done with the expensivematerials and good quality of materials done by poor quality of work or it couldbe the other way round. So it need to reorganise and have real thought about it. For the problem which just mention can be relayed to the workers. The workersalso have problem in; not happy with their salary, relationship problems betweenall workers themselves (neighbour trouble), also not happy with their rawmaterials where they are working with. To solve the problem above I must monitor in depth on the suppliers. Look attheir raw material that they are provided and communicate with the craft workersand see if the materials are what they really want and what really keen onworking with e.g. a worker may not be happy working with pine wood because hething pine wood is not the right raw material e.g. too light or not metspecification for the furniture or some other strange reason and where I mustreally consider about his thought rather than just do what I wanted to do. In other words if Ive ordered some expensive raw materials, but it still end upwith poor quality of product. There may be a problem something like between therelationship of workers (neighbour trouble). Some one may have argue with somebody and cause problem with the communication. Other possible case where theyhave neighbour troubles are, not happy with their working environment e.g. theworking environment are too cold or too hot, bad air condition etc. These allhave got to be done even those need to cost more overhead. Sometimes workerswill unhappy with the company with sensitive saturation like asking to increasetheir salary. So that we must try convince them, tell them the saturation, butnot telling them we are in liquidation saturation. But something like thequality of our product arent good enough at the moment so that we need all ofyou to give twice as much as effort to the furniture that you are working withand guarantee you will have more salary. One other strategy is to set up acompetition for getting a premium salaries race between workers. Also buyingmachinery are important for the apposite. That will help the workers do lesswork and save their power and energy. We will take action straight away soon wehave got the money. However the workers must be satisfied. And work happily intheir working environment and give them the best morality to let them achievetheir best performance on the products. .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760 , .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760 .postImageUrl , .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760 , .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760:hover , .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760:visited , .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760:active { border:0!important; } .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760:active , .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760 .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u765ec60ca06b7c58cf4e550ccd58c760:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Greek Mythology EssayAnother saturation is where the worker are really not very good for their worki.e. poor of work which I will go through them, ask them a lot of questions. Orby employing a supervisor for the responsibility for all workers see if theirreally can do the job up to the standard. And if they did really bad things tothe company then sack them and employ new workers. All new workers are going tobe well train before they are going to do the actual job even those they havelots of experiment in this area. SECOND the supplier. We must have a good relationship between the company andthe supplier in order to reduce the cost of overhead. For example, order a largeamount of the raw materials, let the supplier make more profits at a time. THIRD cut the cost. This is probably the most important thing in our case. Forabove solution e.g. buying good raw material, machinery, employing supervisoretc. these all need quite a lot of extra money by the time we have solve theabove salutation. Cost could be cut on the overhead, e.g. the electricity we areusing, administration expenses, factory expenses etc. just any thing that couldbe think of but it wont affect the workers and the products. e.g. salary. FOURTH the budget. We now gone into liquidation. One of the reason is from thebudget. If this time we can borrow the money from the bank manager. We must havea budget forecast. A forecast of fix cost must be done in the coming year (acash flow forecast) to keep the budget right. We have to think positive. So ifthere is a big increase like wood are more expensive in the coming year, workersask for more salary, machine down time and the fixing cost are more than whatwe thought or any thing on that line. We must first think how we going to attainmore money to match it. A cash flow forecast can be done by Regression bycollecting all raw data. And put all the data into a computerise system. Than welook at the expenses. And the expenses have got to match. If we have anincidence next year that couldnt match the cost. We have to increase the price. However it is better than nothing.

Thank God For The Atom Bomb Essay Example For Students

Thank God For The Atom Bomb Essay The atom bomb is one of the most important discoveries in modern day science. Countless scientists worked relentlessly on the project and their efforts opened the door for present and future exploration of the atom. Just before the beginning of World War II, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Urged by Hungarian-born physicists Leo Szilard, Eugene Wingner, and Edward Teller, Einstein told Roosevelt about Nazi German efforts to purify Uranium-235 which might be used to build an atomic bomb. Shortly after that the United States Government began work on the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was the code name for the United States effort to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans did. The first successful experiments in splitting a uranium atom had been carried out in the autumn of 1938 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin Just after Einstein wrote his letter. So the race was on. Major General Wilhelm D. We will write a custom essay on Thank God For The Atom Bomb specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Styer called the Manhattan Project the most important job in the war . . . an all-out effort to build an atomic bomb. It turned out to be the biggest development in warfare and sciences biggest development this century.The most complicated issue to be addressed by the scientists working on the Manhattan Project was the production of ample amounts of enriched uranium to sustain a chain reaction. At the time, Uranium-235 was hard to extract. Of the Uranium ore mined, only about 1/500th of it ended up as Uranium metal. The Uranium metal is relatively rare, occurring in Uranium at a ratio of 1 to 139.Separating the one part Uranium-235 proved to be a challenge. No ordinary chemical extraction could separate the two isotopes. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate U-235 from U-238. Scientists at Columbia University solved this difficult problem.A massive enrichment plant was built at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. H. C. Urey and his associates and colleagues at Columbia University designed a system that worked on the principle of gaseous diffusion. After this process was completed, Ernest O. Lawrence from the university of California in Berkeley implemented a process i nvolving magnetic separation of the two isotopes. Finally, a gas centrifuge was used to further separate the Uranium-235 from the Uranium-238. The Uranium-238 is forced to the bottom because it had more mass than the Uranium-235. This Uranium was then transported to a laboratory headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer. Oppenheimer was the major force behind the Manhattan Project. He literally ran the show and saw to it that all of the great minds working on this project made their brainstorms work. He oversaw the entire project from its conception to its completion. Once the purified Uranium reached New Mexico, it was made into the components of a gun-type atomic weapon. The scientists were so confident that the gun-type atomic bomb would work that no test was conducted and it was first employed in military action over Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945.Once again the University of Chicago, under Enrico Fermis direction built the first reactor. This led to the construction of five large reactors at Hanford, Wash., where U-238 was irradiated with neutrons and changed into plutonium. The plutonium was sent to Los Alamos.There was a debate at Los Alamos about whether to test the new plutonium implosion bomb before it was actually dropped. Harvard explosives expert George B. Kistiakowsky and Oppenheimer both argued for such a test, but initially Groves was opposed. He was afraid that if the test failed, the precious plutonium would be scattered all across the countryside.(Szasz 26) Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, the man the army placed in charge, was eventually persuaded. Hanfords plutonium production was increasing fast enough so that a test would cause little delay in time. .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f , .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f .postImageUrl , .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f , .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f:hover , .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f:visited , .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f:active { border:0!important; } .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f:active , .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf9bbe4b97d97cd45ec523f98ea8ba74f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Walmart Essay They feared that if they dropped the untested plutonium bomb and it failed to work, the enemy would find themselves owners of a gift atomic weapon.(Szasz 26) The final agreement for the test was that the bomb would be placed in a gigantic, 214-ton, cylinder-shaped tank (called Jumbo).(Szasz 26) If the plutonium correctly fissioned, the tank would be vaporized. If it did not work correctly, the conventional explosives would be contained in the tank and the plutonium would stay in the tank. After further development of the implosion design and fears that Jumbo would dramatically distort all their complicated instrumentation-the raison detre for the test,(Szasz 36) the worlds largest pressure tank was not used.On Monday, July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45 A.M., Mountain War Time, a plutonium bomb ignited at the Trinity site, a remote site in the New Mexico desert. The explosion created s brilliant flash that was seen in three states. There were many reports from civilians from all over that described the experience. People who saw it said it looked like the sun had risen for a few minutes and then went back down. Others thought they had seen a large plane or meteor crash. A sheep herder who was laying sleeping on a cot fifteen miles away was blown off. The Smithsonian Observatory on Burro Mountain confirmed a shock but noted that the vibrations were unlike any earthquake ever recorded. An eight year-old boy was awakened and ran for his Methodist parents, and they considered if this might be the end of the world. The most powerful statement that has been cited in practically every coverage of the atomic bomb is Georgia Greens experience. She was being driven to Albuquerque. What was that? she asked her brother-in-law, who was driving. This was very unusual because Georgia Green was blind. Brigadier General Farrell wrote a letter for the Secretary of War. No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever occurred before . . . Thirty seconds after the explosion came, first, the air blast pressing hard against people and things, to be followed almost immediately by the strong, sustained, awesome roar which warned of doomsday and made us feel that we puny things were blasphemous to dare tamper with forces heretofore reserved to the Almighty. Words are inadequate tools for the job of acquainting those not present with the physical, mental and psychological effects.Upon witnessing the explosion, reactions among the bombs creators were mixed. Their mission had been successfully accomplished, however, they questioned whether the equilibrium in nature had been upset-as if humankind had become a threat to the world it inhabited. Oppenheimer was ecstatic about the success of the bomb. Many people who were involved in the creation of the atomic bomb signed petitions against dropping the bomb.The atomic bomb has been used twice in warfare. The Uranium bomb nicknamed Little Boy, which weighed over 4.5 tons, was dropped over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. At 0815 hours the bomb was dropped from the Enola Gay. It missed Ground Zero at 1,980 feet by only 600 feet. At 0816 hours, in the flash of an instant, 66,000 people were killed and 69,000 people were injured by a 10 kiloton atomic explosion. Nagasaki fell to the same treatment as Hiroshima on August 9, 1945. The plutonium bomb, Fat Man, was dropped on the city. It missed its intended target by over one and a half miles. Nagasakis population dropped in one split-second from 422,000 to 383,000. 39,000 were killed, over 25,000 were injured. That blast was less than 10 kilotons as well. Physicists who have studied the atomic explosions conclude that the bombs utilized only 0.1% of their respective explosive capabilities.Controversy still exists about dropping the two atomic bombs on Japan. .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8 , .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8 .postImageUrl , .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8 , .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8:hover , .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8:visited , .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8:active { border:0!important; } .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8:active , .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8 .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uce3ec3ec549f1c2d08692d0db2d64da8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Henry Carey Essay Arguments defending the Japanese claim the atomic bomb did not win the war in the Pacific; at best, it hastened Japanese acceptance of a defeat that was viewed as inevitable. Other arguments state that the United States should have warned the Japanese, or that we should have invited them to a public demonstration. On the other side, advocates claimed that the invasion of the Japanese islands could and would result in over one million military casualties plus the civilian losses based on previous invasions of Japanese occupied islands.BibliographyBatchelder, R. C. The Irreversible Decision. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, The Riverside Press Cambridge, 1962Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc. Academic American Encyclopedia. Groueff, Stephane. Manhattan Project. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967Szasz, Ferenc Morton. The Day The Sun Rose Twice. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1956Taylor, Alan John Percivale. The Second World War. New York: G.P. Putnams Sons, 1975York, Herbert Frank. a href=http://click.linksynergy.com/fs-bin/stat?id=pcZ8g7DjAzAofferid=6424type=2subid=0url=http%253A//search. borders.com/fcgi-bin/db2www/search/search.d2w/Details%253F%2526mediaType%253DBook%2526prodID%253D3347237 The Advisors: Oppenheimer, Teller, and The SuperbombIMG border=0 alt=icon width=1 height=1 src=http://ad.linksynergy. com/fs-bin/show?id=pcZ8g7DjAzAbids=6424type=2subid=0 . San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1976

Nazi Germany essays

Nazi Germany essays The most merciless and cruel party in the world, was under the role of Adolf Hitler, their violence remained a deep gash in the western world Nazism was originated in Germany in the early 1920s. It was the doctrines or practices of the Nazi party. Nazism was a shortened version of the tern National Socialism, denoting the doctrine and form of government of Nazi Germany under the rule of Adolf as enunciated in his book Mein Kampf. The term was an abbreviation of Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (German National Socialist Worker Party). National Socialist German Workers Party founded in 1919 on fascist principles and dominant from 1933 to 1945 in Germany. The party's principles were essentially antidemocratic and racist. Hitler borrowed considerably from the Italian Fascist and Soviet Communist Systems, but the Nazi pseudoscientific racist theories were original German contributions. In the past storm troopers and communists had contested the streets on fairly equal terms. Now, three days after the formation of Hitler's cabinet, communist meeting were banned in Prussia. To enforce such measures, there was a new and ominous agency. A minor department in the Berlin police, detailed to watch anticonstitutional activities, was put under Goring's command. As of April 26, 1933, this old Department IA of the Prussian political police was replaced by the Geheime Staatspolizei ("Secret State Police"), better known as the Gestapo. Within two years its actiones would be free from judicial review and it would take its place beside the SD (Sicherheitsdienst, or "Security Service") and the security branch of the SS in a sadistic competition to achieve the totalitarian Until this time Nazism was very much a function of communism the other side of the revolutionary coin. Now, within Germany, National Socialism stood alone. Communism was gone as a count...

Summary response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary response paper - Essay Example Moreau, the classic science fiction novel by famed author Herbert George Wells in which animals and humans were grafted into each other in various combinations, producing instead a distinct class of sub-humans. Anything that is considered as cruel, unusual or painful experimentation on animals is now prohibited due to the adoption of these ethical standards as a safeguard against unauthorized experiments. Moral ethics has been around for quite some time; the issues related to it had been discussed in great detail by the ancient Greek philosophers. Ethics today has entered into many areas of human endeavors, such as its increasing adoption by global businesses in the form of corporate social responsibility that has tempered the search for profits under capitalist free markets. Giant strides in medical technologies only fairly recently presented a new set of moral dilemmas, for which people are sometimes not too prepared to deal with, issues like euthanasia, abortion, organ donations, brain death, palliative medicine and the surrogate pregnancy trend in which more women are now willing to rent out their wombs for a fee. In this regard, this paper examines the biomedical issues related to whether animals also have the same rights as people and the propriety of continuing conducting experiments on animals. Discussion In his well-argued article entitled â€Å"The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research† and published in The New England Journal of Medicine back in 1986, Carl Cohen claims that animal experiments should continue because the arguments against them, that the animals have rights which are being violated and all sentient creatures must not suffer pain or any kind of unnecessary or avoidable suffering, are both wrong from a moral perspective. His succinct explanations debunked the two arguments put forward by animal rights advocates on the basis of animals having no rights at all because they have no moral capacity to make any choices or g ive consent, and secondly, the animals â€Å"are not capable of grasping the generality of an ethical premise in a practical syllogism† and it is only humans who can think at a highly abstract level (Cohen 96). With this in mind, he therefore strongly argues in favor of animal experiments for the benefit of science and mankind, in the hope that these experiments will be able to provide benefits for patients with new drug discoveries as well as also sparing humans from being used in biomedical research studies as the subjects themselves, in lieu of animals. A close analysis will show that Prof. Cohen leans towards utilitarianism as his justification. I do not agree nor accept the stance of Prof. Carl Cohen that animals have no rights. The argument he used is that of speciesism, which he did not equate with racism or sexism as it is something entirely different altogether. What he is doing is bordering on casuistry (or hair splitting) and he is likewise equally guilty of the sa me accusations he had leveled against his critics, mainly that of â€Å"drawing an offensive moral conclusion from a deliberately devised verbal parallelism that is utterly specious.† Cohen argued that animal species are not the same and therefore do not have the same rights in an equal measure, but rather that Peter Singer is grossly mistaken to formulate and defend his â€Å"principle of equal consideration of interests†

Impact of culture on international marketing Essay

Impact of culture on international marketing - Essay Example While globalisation was bringing in a radical economic change the globe over it was perhaps gradually contributing to the design of an international bond by unfastening the intra national social bonds primarily in terms of opening marketing interfaces to cultures across the world resulting in comprehension and exchange of elements from other cultures. Thus economic forces enabled international marketing to get energized and, which in turn, set in the challenging assignment of making commercial sense out of cultures to which wares were marketed. Devetak and Higgott explain how globalisation has brought about a weakening of an intra national social bond. They further posit that ongoing process of globalisation causes constant disruption in existing social bond. It is their view that "under conditions of globalisation, assumptions made about the social bond are changing; .... the article concludes that the prospects for a satisfactory synthesis of a liberal economic theory of globalisat ion, a normative political theory of the global public domain, and a new social bond are remote"(Devetak & Higgott 1999). Again, in a slightly different context, Phillip W.Jones makes a statement which is extremely relevant to the definition of globalisation in present context. Jones states that," The logic of globalisation contrasts markedly with that of internationalism. The latter, with its intrinsically democratic foundation, looks to a world ordered by structures supportive of that functionalism which is embedded in accountability. Globalisation, by contrast, implies few logical imperatives in favour of accountability, but rather looks to the pursuit of interest on the global level through the operation of unfettered capitalism"(Jones,1998).According to Jones view international marketing efforts in new cultural milieu would fall in the category of 'globalisation' as defined by him. However multinational corporations take a broader view of their international marketing efforts and venture in new international markets only after completing a thorough study of local cultures. New technological develo pments, improvements in communication, growth in transnational infrastructure and liberalizing of trade and capital flows have enabled entrepreneurs the globe over to deploy and run their capitals chasing markets the globe over. The globalisation aligned attitudes of IMF and World Bank are exemplified with clarity by Jean-Claude Trichet, President of the European Central Bank, when he says that," The key aim of today's policy makers has not changed compared to those at the Bretton Woods times - it has been, and still is, global prosperity and stability - but the environment in which we are acting has changed profoundly......Today we are striving for stability of the international financial system in a world of free capital flows with a growing importance of private flows and increasing trade and financial integration"(Trichet, 2004). As Roby says," world-wide output and trade have grown apace with market openings and the rise of efficient global business networks these past 15 years. An entrepreneurial class is energizing once-stagnant command economies" (Roby, 2005). It is at once apparent that this 'entrepreneurial class' is essentially limited in number the globe over. They also have limited spheres of influence. Consider for instance, the

North American civilizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

North American civilizations - Assignment Example Mississippi culture was actually a mound-building culture of Native Americans and it originated and flourished in the areas presently known as mid-western, eastern and southeastern United States around 800 CE to 1500 CE. The life at Mississippi began to flourish in the river valleys of Mississippi and Tennessee. Mississippian started rich food exchange thereby introducing the barter system which started impacting a lot in their society through networking and it is through the process of food exchange that they introduced in their culture, they flourished and made contacts with other cultures and provinces too. Maize-based agriculture was also an important attribute of the period and it supported a large population and craft specialization. The earthwork of the Mississippian culture was significant consisting of pyramid mounds or platform mounds and were generally square, rectangular and sometimes circular in shape. Domestic houses, temples or burial buildings were constructed on those mounds. Trade was widespread during this period and extended to far west to the Rockies, in north till the Great Lakes and to the Gulf of Mexico in the South and to the Atlantic Ocean in the East. The leadership of the Mississippian culture was great and influential. Within the culture, the leadership was hierarchy based and where one major centre with Mounds gives clear indication of control and influence over other lesser communities, it also clearly portrays a clear centralization of controlled combination of political or religious power in the hands of single Supreme or few others (US National Park Service, â€Å"The Mississippian and Late Prehistoric

Analysis of The Lost Children of Wilder by Nina Bernstein Essay

Analysis of The Lost Children of Wilder by Nina Bernstein â€Å"The Lost Children of Wilder† is a book about how the foster care system failed to give children of color the facilities that would help them lead a somewhat normal and protected life. The story of Shirley Wilder is a sad one once you find out what kind of life she had to live when she was a young girl. Having no mother and rejected by her father she has become a troubled girl. Shirley Wilder was rejected from foster care because she was black. The system failed to place children of color into these homes because they weren’t white, Catholic, or Jewish. I cannot even believe that this went on years ago. Just because you are of a different race meant that you could not benefit from the system. This is absolutely ridiculous that children could not get the proper care and supervision that they needed. One example of race discrimination is of a girl from my town. She was not able to go to our local swim club because she was black. I know this has nothing to do with foster care but both of her parents died and she was adopted by a white family whom she babysat for. They wanted to take her to the swim club but she was rejected because she was black. She sued the club and was awarded $200,000. I think she was lucky to have gotten the money but nothing can undo what it feels like to be discriminated against. â€Å"Under New York’s Family Court Act, treatment was the legal justification for taking troubled children in...

List of Poetry Group

List of poetry groups and movements From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search | The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (November 2011) | Poetry groups and movements or schools may be self-identified by the poets that form them or defined by critics who see unifying characteristics of a body of work by more than one poet. To be a ‘school' a group of poets must share a common style or a common ethos.A commonality of form is not in itself sufficient to define a school; for example, Edward Lear, George du Maurier and Ogden Nash do not form a school simply because they all wrote limericks. There are many different ‘schools' of poetry. Some of them are described below in approximate chronological sequence. The subheadings indicate broadly the century in which a style arose. Contents * 1 Prehistoric * 2 Sixteenth century * 3 Sevente enth century * 4 Eighteenth century * 5 Nineteenth century * 6 Twentieth century * 7 Alphabetic list * 8 References| PrehistoricThe Oral tradition is too broad to be a strict school but it is a useful grouping of works whose origins either predate writing, or belong to cultures without writing. Sixteenth century The Castalian Band. Seventeenth century The Metaphysical poets The Cavalier poets The Danrin school Eighteenth century Classical poetry echoes the forms and values of classical antiquity. Favouring formal, restrained forms, it has recurred in various Neoclassical schools since the eighteenth century Augustan poets such as Alexander Pope.The most recent resurgence of Neoclassicism is religious and politically reactionary work of the likes of T. S. Eliot. Romanticism started in late 18th century Western Europe. Wordsworth's and Coleridge's 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads is considered by some as the first important publication in the movement. Romanticism stressed strong e motion, imagination, freedom within or even from classical notions of form in art, and the rejection of established social conventions. It stressed the importance of â€Å"nature† in language and celebrated the achievements of those perceived as heroic individuals and artists.Romantic poets include William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats (those previous six sometimes referred to as the Big Six, or the Big Five without Blake); other Romantic poets include James Macpherson,Robert Southey, and Emily Bronte. Nineteenth century Pastoralism was originally a Hellenistic form, that romanticized rural subjects to the point of unreality. Later pastoral poets, such as Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe, and William Wordsworth, were inspired by the classical pastoral poets.The Parnassians were a group of late 19th-century French poets, named after their journal, the Parnasse contemporain. They included Charles Leconte de Lisle, Theodore de Banville, Sully-Prudhomme, Paul Verlaine, Francois Coppee, and Jose Maria de Heredia. In reaction to the looser forms of romantic poetry, they strove for exact and faultless workmanship, selecting exotic and classical subjects, which they treated with rigidity of form and emotional detachment. Symbolism started in the late nineteenth century in France and Belgium.It included Paul Verlaine, Tristan Corbiere, Arthur Rimbaud, and Stephane Mallarme. Symbolists believed that art should aim to capture more absolute truths which could be accessed only by indirect methods. They used extensive metaphor, endowing particular images or objects with symbolic meaning. They were hostile to â€Å"plain meanings, declamations, false sentimentality and matter-of-fact description†. Modernist poetry is a broad term for poetry written between 1890 and 1970 in the tradition of Modernism. Schools within it include Imagism and the British Poetry Revival.The Fireside Poets (also known as the Schoolroom or Household Poets) were a group of 19th-century American poets from New England. The group is usually described as comprising Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, William Cullen Bryant, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.. Twentieth century The Imagists were (predominantly young) poets working in England and America in the early 20th century, including F. S. Flint, T. E. Hulme, and Hilda Doolittle (known primarily by her initials, H. D. ).They rejected Romantic and Victorian conventions, favoring precise imagery and clear, non-elevated language. Ezra Pound formulated and promoted many precepts and ideas of Imagism. His â€Å"In a Station of the Metro† (Roberts & Jacobs, 717), written in 1916, is often used as an example of Imagist poetry: The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough. The Objectivists were a loose-knit group of second-generation Modernists from the 1930s. They include Louis Zukofsky, Lorine Niedecker, Charles Reznikoff, George Oppen, Carl Rakosi, and Basil Bunting.Objectivists treated the poem as an object; they emphasised sincerity, intelligence, and the clarity of the poet's vision. The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement in the 1920s involving many African-American writers from the New York Neighbourhood of Harlem. The Beat generation poets met in New York in the 1940s. The core group were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs, who were joined later by Gregory Corso. The Confessionalists were American poets that emerged in the 1950s. They drew on personal history for their artistic inspiration.Poets in this group include Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, John Berryman, and Robert Lowell. The New York School was an informal group of poets active in 1950s New York City whose work was said to be a reaction to the Confessionalists. Some major figures include John Ashbery, Frank O'Hara, James Schuyler, Kenneth Koch, Barbara Guest, Joe Br ainard, Ron Padgett, Ted Berrigan and Bill Berkson. The Black Mountain poets (also known as the Projectivists) were a group of mid 20th century postmodern poets associated with Black Mountain College in the United States.The San Francisco Renaissance was initiated by Kenneth Rexroth and Madeline Gleason in Berkeley in the late 1940s. It included Robert Duncan, Jack Spicer, and Robin Blaser. They were consciously experimental and had close links to the Black Mountain and Beat poets. The Movement was a group of English writers including Kingsley Amis, Philip Larkin, Donald Alfred Davie, D. J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings and Robert Conquest. Their tone is anti-romantic and rational. The connection between the poets was described as â€Å"little more than a negative determination to avoid bad principles. The British Poetry Revival was a loose movement during the 1960s and 1970s. It was a Modernist reaction to the conservative Movement. The Hungry generation was a group of ab out 40 poets in West Bengal, India during 1961–1965 who revolted against the colonial canons in Bengali poetry and wanted to go back to their roots. The movement was spearheaded by Shakti Chattopadhyay, Malay Roy Choudhury, Samir Roychoudhury, and Subimal Basak. The Martian poets were English poets of the 1970s and early 1980s, including Craig Raine and Christopher Reid.Through the heavy use of curious, exotic, and humorous metaphors, Martian poetry aimed to break the grip of â€Å"the familiar† in English poetry, by describing ordinary things as if through the eyes of a Martian. The Language poets were avant garde poets from the last quarter of the 20th century. Their approach started with the modernist emphasis on method. They were reacting to the poetry of the Black Mountain and Beat poets. The poets included: Leslie Scalapino, Bruce Andrews, Charles Bernstein, Ron Silliman, Barrett Watten, Lyn Hejinian, Bob Perelman, Rae Armantrout, Carla Harryman, Clark Coolidge, Hannah Weiner, Susan Howe, and Tina Darragh.The New Formalism is a late-twentieth and early twenty-first century movement in American poetry that promotes a return to metrical and rhymed verse. Rather than looking to the Confessionalists, they look to Robert Frost, Richard Wilbur, James Merrill, Anthony Hecht, and Donald Justice for poetic influence. These poets are associated with the West Chester University Poetry Conference, and with literary journals like The New Criterion and The Hudson Review. Associated poets include Dana Gioia, Timothy Steele, Mark Jarman, Rachel Hadas, R. S.Gwynn, Charles Martin, Phillis Levin, Kay Ryan, Brad Leithauser. Alphabetic list This is a list of poetry groups and movements. * Absurdism * Aestheticism * Black Arts Movement * Cairo poets * Chhayavaad * Classical Chinese poetry * Crescent Moon Society * Cyclic Poets * Dadaism * Danrin school * Deep image * Della Cruscans * Dymock poets * Fugitives (poets) * Generation of '27| * Georgian poets * Goliar d * Graveyard poets * The Group (literature) * Harlem Renaissance * Harvard Aesthetes * Heptanese School (literature) * LakePoets * La Pleiade * Los Contemporaneos * Misty Poets * Modern Chinese poetry * Negritude * Net-poetry * New Apocalyptics| * Nijo poetic school * Others (art group) * Oulipo * Poetic transrealism * Rhymers' Club * Rochester Poets * Scottish Renaissance * Sicilian School * Poetry Slam * Sons of Ben * Southern Agrarians * Spasmodic poets * Spectrism * Surrealist poets * The poets of Elan * Uranian poetry| References This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) | [hide] * v * t * eSchools of poetry| | | Akhmatova's Orphans * Auden Group * The Beats * Black Arts Movement * Black Mountain poets * British Poetry Revival * Cairo poets * Castalian Band * Cavalier poets * Chhayavaad * Churchyard poets * Confessionalists * Creoli te * Cyclic poets * Dadaism * Deep image * Della Cruscans * Dolce Stil Novo * Dymock poets * Ecopoetry * The poets of Elan * Flarf * Fugitives * Garip * Gay Saber * Generation of '98 * Generation of '27 * Georgian poets * Goliard * The Group * Harlem Renaissance * Harvard Aesthetes * Hungry generation * Imagism * Informationist poetry * Jindyworobak * Lake Poets * Language poets * Martian poetry * Metaphysical poets * Misty Poets * Modernist poetry * The Movement * Negritude * New American Poetry * New Apocalyptics * New Formalism * New York School * Objectivists * Others group of artists * Parnassian poets * La Pleiade * Rhymers' Club * San Francisco Renaissance * Scottish Renaissance * Sicilian School * Sons of Ben * Southern Agrarians * Spasmodic poets * Sung poetry * Surrealism * Symbolism * Uranian poetry| | Categories: * Poetry movements Navigation menu * Create account * Log in * Article * Talk * Read * Edit * View history ——————†”————————— Top of Form Bottom of Form * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article * Donate to Wikipedia Interaction * Help * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia Toolbox Print/export Languages * Deutsch * Edit links * This page was last modified on 21 February 2013 at 05:54. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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Commonplace Books and Their Uses

A commonplace book is a writers personal collection of quotations, observations, and topic ideas. Also known as topos koinos (Greek) and locus communis (Latin). Called florilegia (flowers of reading) in the Middle Ages, commonplace books were especially popular during the Renaissance and well into the 18th century. For some writers, blogs serve as contemporary versions of commonplace books. Examples and Observations It was none other than the foremost Humanist of his day, Erasmus, in his De copia of 1512, who set the mold for making commonplace books, in a passage advising how to store collections of illustrative examples in retrievable form. One should make oneself a notebook divided by place-headings, then subdivided into sections. The headings should relate to things of particular note in human affairs or to the main types and subdivisions of vices and virtues.-(Ann Moss, Commonplace Books. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, ed. by T.O. Sloane. Oxford University Press, 2001)Cobbled together by literate people, commonplace books served as repositories for whatever someone thought fit to record: medical recipes, jokes, verse, prayers, mathematical tables, aphorisms, and especially passages from letters, poems, or books.(Arthur Krystal, Too True: The Art of the Aphorism. Except When I Write. Oxford University Press, 2011)Clarissa Harlowe. Have read 1/3 of. Long books, when read, are usually overpraised, because the reader wants to convince others and himself that he has not wasted his time.(E.M. Forster in 1926, excerpt from Commonplace Book, ed. by Philip Gardner. Stanford University Press, 1988) Reasons to Keep a Commonplace Book Professional writers still carry notebooks that resemble commonplace books. In keeping with this practice, we suggest that aspiring rhetors carry a notebook with them so that they can write down ideas that occur to them while they are engaged in doing other things. And when you are reading, or talking, or listening to others, you can use the notebook as a commonplace book, writing down comments or passages that you want to remember, copy, or imitate.(Sharon Crowley and Debra Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. Pearson, 2004)The commonplace book derived its name from the ideal of a common place where useful ideas or arguments might be gathered. . . .[T]here are still good reasons for writers to keep commonplace books the old-fashioned way. In copying by hand a masterful construction from another writer, we can inhabit the words, grasp their rhythms and, with some luck, learn a little something about how good writing is made. . . .Author Nicholson Baker writes of keepi ng a commonplace book that it makes me a happier person: My own bristling brain-urchins of worry melt in the strong solvent of other peoples grammar. Its a lovely passage, and I couldnt help entering it into my own commonplace book.(Danny Heitman, A Personal Trove of Prose. The Wall Street Journal, October 13-14, 2012) William H. Gass on Ben Jonsons Commonplace Book When Ben Jonson was a small boy, his tutor, William Camden, persuaded him of the virtue of keeping a commonplace book: pages where an ardent reader might copy down passages that especially pleased him, preserving sentences that seemed particularly apt or wise or rightly formed and that would, because they were written afresh in a new place, and in a context of favor, be better remembered, as if they were being set down at the same time in the memory of the mind. Here were more than turns of phrase that could brighten an otherwise-gloomy page. Here were statements that seemed so directly truthful they might straighten a warped soul on seeing them again, inscribed, as they were, in a childs wide round trusting hand, to be read and reread like the propositions of a primer, they were so bottomed and basic.(William H. Gass, A Defense of the Book. A Temple of Texts. Alfred A. Knopf, 2006) Commonplace Books and the Web John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Coleridge and Jonathan Swift all kept [commonplace] books, copying down proverbs, poems and other wisdom they encountered while reading. So did many women, often excluded from public discourse at the time. By appropriating others nuggets, writes cultural historian Robert Darnton, you made a book of your own, one stamped with your personality.In a recent Columbia University lecture, the writer Steven Johnson drew parallels between commonplace books and the web: blogging, Twitter and social bookmarking sites such as StumbleUpon are often held to have sparked a renaissance of the form. . . . As with commonplace books, this linking and sharing create not just a hodgepodge, but something coherent and original: When text is free to combine in new, surprising ways, new forms of value are created.(Oliver Burkeman, Make a Book of Your Own. The Guardian, May 29, 2010)